Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Paris (Paris, France)

Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Paris

Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Paris

From the Eiffel Tower, we again walked to the Champ de Mars Metro Station where we took the Metro to Anvers, the nearest Metro station to our next destination – the imposing Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Paris, known for its many artists that have been omnipresent since 1880.  From Anvers, we walked for 2 to 3 mins., up the Rue Steinkerque, to the hill at the foot of Sacre-Couer.

The Montmartre Funicular

The Montmartre Funicular

Upon arrival, we all rode the Montmartre Funicular (a.k.a. Funiculaire de Montmartr) which runs from Place Suzanne-Valadon to Place Willette below Sacre-Couer.  Other tourists climbed the staircase alongside the tracks.  It was cold, windy and overcast during our visit.

Statue of Jesus Christ at the facade

Statue of Jesus Christ at the facade

This minor basilica, in the 18th arrondissement, to the west of the Gare de Nord and north of the Opéra Garnier, is commonly known as Sacré-Cœur Basilica or simply Sacré-Cœur (FrenchBasilique du Sacré-Cœur). This popular and iconic landmark, located at the summit of the Butte Montmartre (said to be derived from either Mount of Martyrs or from Mount of Mars), the highest point in the city, is a double (political and cultural) monument.

Statue of Joan of Arc

Statue of Joan of Arc

Sacré-Cœur is both a national penance for the secular uprising of the Socialist Paris Commune of 1871 (Montmartre had been the site of the Commune’s first insurrection) and the subsequent defeat of France in the 1871 Franco-Prussian War and is publicly dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, an increasingly popular vision of a loving and sympathetic Christ.

Statue of King St. Louis IX

Statue of King St. Louis IX

Designed by Architect  Paul Abadie (who won  over 77 other architects in a competition), its foundation stone was laid on June 16, 1875.  Abadie died in 1884 and 5 architects continued with the work: Honoré Daumet (1884–1886), Jean-Charles Laisné (1886–1891), Henri-Pierre-Marie Rauline (1891–1904), Lucien Magne (1904–1916, who added an 83 m./272-ft. high clock tower), and Jean-Louis Hulot (1916–1924)

The cathedral's interior

The cathedral’s interior

It was not completed until 1914, when war intervened, and was formally consecrated on October 16, 1919, after the end of World War I when its national symbolism had shifted.  The structure’s overall style, showing a free interpretation of RomanByzantine features, is a conscious reaction against the Neo-Baroque excesses of the Palais Garnier, which was cited in the competition, and has many design elements that symbolize nationalist themes.

The basilica's dome

The basilica’s dome

Built with travertine quarried in Château-Landon (Seine-et-Marne), its stone, when it rains, reacts to the water and exudes calcite which acts like a bleacher, ensuring that the basilica remains white even with weathering and pollution. Its portico, with three arches, is adorned by two bronze equestrian statues of French national saints Joan of Arc (1927) and King Saint Louis IX, both done (by Hippolyte Lefebvre.  The 19 ton Savoyarde bell, one of the world’s heaviest, was cast in 1895 in Annecy.  It alludes to the annexation of Savoy in 1860.  The Savoyarde clock, at the clock tower, is one of the world’s largest.

Christ in Majesty

Christ in Majesty

A 480 sq. m. mosaic in the apse ceiling, entitled Christ in Majesty and created by Luc-Olivier Merson, is the largest in France and among the largest in the world. On display in a monstrance above the high altar is the Blessed Sacrament (a consecrated host which, according to Church teaching, has become by the consecration of the priest Christ’s Body and Blood during Mass), continually on display there since 1885.

The cathedral's high altar

The cathedral’s high altar

The basilica also has a large and very fine pipe organ, built by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll and installed in Paris in 1905 by Charles Mutin Cavaillé-Coll’s successor and son-in-law), is composed of 109 ranks and 78 speaking stops spread across four 61-note manuals and the 32-note pedalboard (unusual before the start of the 20th century; the standard of the day was 56 and 30), spread across three expressive divisions (also unusual for the time, even in large organs).  The organ was ahead of its time, containing multiple expressive divisions and giving the performer considerable advantages over other even larger instruments of the day.

The parvis

The parvis

The basilica complex includes a garden for meditation, with a fountain. From its parvis, we had one of those perfect Paris postcard views. The top of the dome (the second-highest point in Paris after the Eiffel Tower), open to tourists, affords a spectacular panoramic 360°view (up to 30 kms. on a clear day) of the city of Paris, which is mostly to the south of the basilica.

View of Paris from the parvis

View of Paris from the parvis

The entrance to the dome and the chapel-lined crypt is located on the left side of the basilica. Buy a ticket, then climb a steep 234-step spiral staircase to the base of the dome. The crypt can also be visited for an additional €2.

Cheska, Jandy and Grace

Cheska, Jandy and Grace

Sacre Couer de Montmartre Basilica: 35 Rue du Chevalier de la Barre, 75018 Paris, France. Tel: +33 1 53 41 89 00. Website: www.sacre-coeur-montmartre.com.  Open day, 6 AM to 10:30 PM. Admission is free. The dome is accessible from 9 AM to 7 PM in the summer and 6 PM in the winter. When visiting the basilica, tourists and others are asked to dress appropriately and to observe silence as much as possible, so as not to disturb persons who have come from around the world to pray in this place of pilgrimage. The use of cameras and video recorders is forbidden inside the Basilica. 

How to Get There: The basilica is accessible by buses 30, 31, 80, and 85 which can be taken to the bottom of the hill of the Basilica. Line 12 of the Metro can be taken to Jules Joffrin station and visitors can then change to the Montmartrobus and disembark at Place du Tertre. Line 2 or 12 of the Metro can be taken to Pigalle station where visitors can change to the Montmartrobus and disembark at Norvins, or to Anvers station which gives easy access to the steps or the funicular car that leads directly to the Basilica. The Montmartrobus operates on a circular route from Place Pigalle (near the Pigalle Métro stop) to the top of the Butte, where you can get off for the short walk to Sacré-Coeur. Or you can stay on the bus until it goes down and around the other side of the hill, then passes Sacré-Coeur on its way back to Pigalle.

Versailles Palace – Queen’s Grand Apartment (France)

Queen’s Grand Apartment

The Queen’s Grand Apartment (grand appartement de la reine), a suite of rooms, of exceptional splendor, in the Palace of Versailles that were reserved for the personal use of the queen, overlooks the  Parterre du Midi and formed a parallel enfilade with that of the Grand Apartment of the King (grand appartement du roi,).

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The queen’s apartments served as the residence of three queens of France, originally arranged for the use of Marie-Thérèse d’Autriche (wife of Louis XIV, she died not long after moving in, in 1683),  by  Marie Leczinska (wife of Louis XV) and, finally, for the Austrian archduchess Marie-Antoinette (wife of Louis XVI).  Additionally, Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy (Duchesse de Bourgogne), Louis XIV’s granddaughter-in-law and wife of the Petit Dauphin, occupied these rooms from 1697 (the year of her marriage) to her death in 1712.

When Louis Le Vau‘s envelope of the old palace (château vieux) was completed, the Queen’s Grand Apartment came to include a suite of seven enfilade rooms on the first floor in the left wing with a perfectly symmetrical layout that mirrored, almost exactly, the Grand Apartment of the King in the right wing.

The Chapel corresponded to the Salon de Diane in the King’s Grand Apartment, the Salle de Gardes to the Salon of Mars (Salon de Mars), the Antichambre to the Salon of Mercury (Salon de Mercure), the Chambre to the Salon of Apollo (Salon d’Apollon), the Grand Cabinet to the Salon of Jupiter (Salon de Jupiter), the Oratory to the Salon of Saturn (Salon de Saturne) and the Petit Cabinet to the Salon of Venus (Salon de Vénus).

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With regards to the ceiling decoration, those in the Grand Apartment of the King depicted the heroic actions of Louis XIV as allegories from events taken from the antique past while the decoration of the Queen’s Grand Apartment depicted heroines from the antique past and harmonized with the general theme of a particular room’s decor.

The construction of the Hall of Mirrors, which began in 1678, changed the configuration of the Queen’s Grand Apartment. The chapel was transformed into the Queen’s Guards Room (salle des gardes de la reine) and the decorations from the salon de Jupiter were reused here. The Queen’s Guards Room communicates with a loggia that issues from the Queen’s Staircase (escalier de la reine), which corresponded (albeit a smaller, though similarly-decorated example) to the Ambassador’s Staircase (escalier des ambassadeurs ) in the King’s Grand Apartment.

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The loggia also provides access to the King’s Grand Apartment. Toward the end of Louis XIV‘s reign, the Queen’s Staircase became the principal entrance to the palace, with the Ambassador’s Staircase used on rare state occasions. In 1752, after the destruction of the Ambassador’s Staircase, the Queen’s Staircase became the main entrance to the palace.

However, this was soon changed when the king decided to set aside all the rooms around the Marble Courtyard for his new apartments, limiting the queen’s space to her State Apartments (which were modified by Marie Leczinska and later Marie-Antoinette) and to a few smaller rooms for more private use, situated behind the official apartments, overlooking two inner courtyards. The Queen’s Apartments consist of the Queen’s Bedchamber (Chambre de la reine),  the Nobles’ Room, the Antechamber to the Grand Couvert (formerly the Salle des gardes) and the Queen’s Guard Room (Salle des gardes de la reine).

The Queen’s bed

In 1729, to commemorate the birth of his only son and heir, Louis, Louis XV ordered a complete redecoration of the room. Elements of the Queen’s Bedchamber (chambre de la reine), as it had been used by Marie-Thérèse d’Autriche and Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy, were removed and a new,  more modern decor was installed.

During her life at Queen’s Grand Apartment, Marie Leszczynska (1703–1768) annexed the salon de la paid to serve as a music room. In 1770, when Marie-Antoinette married the dauphin (later Louis XVI), she took up residence in these rooms and, upon Louis XVI‘s ascension to the throne in 1774, ordered major redecoration of the Queen’s Grand Apartment which achieved the arrangement that we see today.

The bedchamber ceiling

The Bedchamber, the most important room in the apartments, is where the Queen spent most of her time, where she slept (often with the king) and, in the morning, where she received guests during and after her toilette (like the King’s getting-up ceremony, it was a courtly affair controlled by strict etiquette).

It was also here that the queen gave birth, in public (actually misleading since, in reality, only doctors, ladies in waiting, the governess of the Princes and Princesses of the Realm, the Princesses of the royal family and a few members of the church were allowed to enter) to the Princes and Princesses of the Realm. The queen was placed on a labor bed specially brought in, and was hidden behind a screen or canvas tent.

The bust of Marie Antoinette

After giving birth, she was returned to her own bed while the whole court (waiting in the other rooms in the Apartment whose doors were all symbolically left open) filed through to present their compliments. Between 1682 and 1786, 19 Princes and Princesses of the Realm were born here and two queens died here (Maria-Theresa in 1683 and Marie Leszczyńska in 1768).

The decoration in the room, still reflecting the three queens who once occupied it, features partitions on the ceiling dating back to the reign of queen Marie-Thérèse d’Autriche, a greyscale painting by François Boucher and wood panelling added for Marie Leszczyńska, all elements that survived the reign of Marie-Antoinette who replaced the furniture and fireplace and put up paintings of her mother Empress Maria-Theresa and her brother, Emperor Joseph II.

The jewelry cabinet, commissioned to Schwerdfeger by Marie-Antoinette, is placed in its original position in the alcove to the left of the bed. The 1745 Baillou and Crescent clock Marie-Antoinette placed in the bedchamber has been restored to its place. Other items returned to the room include Sené’s chimney piece, andirons by Boizot and Thomire and the bedspread by Desfarges.

Other pieces of furniture which were sold at an auction that lasted a year, such as the sofa delivered for the Countess of Provence (the queen’s sister-in-law), have been replaced by similar items. The armchairs by Tilliard and folding stools were taken from the suite of rooms belonging to the Countess d’Artois. The fabrics, hanging on the bed and walls, were re-woven in Lyon using the original patterns; the bed and balustrade have been remade and the Savonnerie carpet rewoven using ancient documents.

Queen’s Nobles Room

The Grand Cabinet, now the Nobles’ Room (salon des nobles), was used as a second antechamber where Queen Marie Leszczyńska (and, later, Marie-Antoinette) held formal audiences, seated under a canopy, as well as her Circle (the name given to the times spent in orderly conversation by the ladies of the Court). When not used for formal audiences, the Noble’s Room served as an antechamber to the queen’s bedroom.

Commode

In 1785, Marie-Antoinette, not too fond of the Louis XIV style of the room, entrusted Richard Mique, her architect,  with completely redecorating it (except for the ceiling which was kept). Apple-green damask, bordered with a wide gold stripe, were hung on the walls, and new, extremely modern and refined furniture were delivered.

Commode

When making the majestic commodes and corner cupboards for the room, the queen’s favorite cabinetmaker Riesener followed the latest English fashion by abandoning the customary marquetry in favor of large panels of mahogany. In this magnificent collection, the gilded bronze decoration and the small tables in Bleu Turquin marble matched the decoration on the new fireplace.

Mercury Spreading his Influence over the Arts (Michel Corneille)

The ceiling paintings, by Michel Corneille, depicts Mercury Spreading his Influence over the Arts.

Tapestry Portrait of Louis XV (Cozette)

A tapestry portrait of Louis XV by Cozette hangs on the wall, with mythological paintings by Francois Boucher. The mantlepiece ornaments show a Turkish influence while the commodes and corner cupboards, by Riesner and Gouthière, are dated 1786. The overdoors depict Pygmalion and Dibutade by Regnault while the bronze fireplace ornaments are by Gouthière.

Antechamber of the Grand Couvert

Traditionally, public meals at the Royal Table or Grand Couvert (a lavish court ceremony attracting a large number of curious, decently dressed onlookers), taken by the king and members of the royal family, were held at the Royal Table Antechamber, now the Antechamber of the Grand Couvert (Antichambre du Grand Couvert).  Privileged duchesses, princesses or those holding important positions sat in front them on stools while the other ladies and people whose rank granted them entry or who were admitted by the ushers stood around them.  In the 1680s, the room was sometimes used as a theatre for the château.

Almost every evening, Louis XIV strictly adhered to this ceremonial performance (seated alone at a table in front of the fireplace, his spoon, fork, and knife were brought to him in a golden box and courtiers could watch as he dined) whereas Louis XV, more often, preferred private dinners.  Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette only ate at the Royal Table once a week, sitting with their backs to the fireplace.  Louis XVI ate well but Marie Antoinette, who was bored, requested that music be played during meals, installing a platform for musicians to this end.

Marie Antoinette and her Children (Elizabeth Louise Vigee Le Brun)

Designed for Queen Marie-Thérèse d’Autriche, the room’s lower panels were made of marble and two famous paintings of Marie Antoinette hang on the walls, including that which includes all her children. Portraits of Louis XVI’s aunts by Madame Labille-Guiard are part of the decor. Above the doors are works by Madeline de Boulogne dated 1675.

Ceiling painting of Darius’ Family at Alexander’s Feet (Charles Le Brun)

The original, very large painting of ancient heroines on the ceiling, illustrating royal virtues, by the artist Claude-François Vignon and Paillet, quickly deteriorated and, in 1814-1815, was replaced with a Veronese canvas Saint Mark Rewarding the Theological Virtues.  Later, in 1861, it was substituted by the current, equally large marouflé canvas, Darius’ Family at Alexander’s Feet, a tapestry cartoon painted by Henri Testelin after a work by Le Brun. The gilt stuccos were sculpted by Pierre I Le Gros the Younger and Benoît Massou.

In 2007, due to the bulging of the camaieus on the arches, emergency measures were taken.  Between April 2009 and July 2010, the Antechamber of the Grand Couvert was restored, thanks to sponsorship from Martell & Co.  Thanks to a 1788 inventory of the furniture in this room (the pieces were well documented but are now lost), the furniture is now as they would have been when the royal family was forced to leave the palace, with Louis XV period seats and stools with Savonnerie manufactory upholstery and a large table placed in the center of the room as it would be when the King and Queen sat down for the Grand Couvert.  In order to evoke the royal dinnerware which is close to that used by French royalty but which disappeared during the Revolution, the Louvre lent silverware produced for George III of England by Robert-Joseph Auguste.

Autumn or The Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne

Facing the large windows is the tapestry Autumn or The Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne, was put on deposit here by the Mobilier National from the ensemble in the gallery of the Château de Saint Cloud after cartoons by Pierre Mignard. A deep crimson damask fabric, woven according to the description afforded by a document from the first half of the 18th century, was placed on the walls.

Fireplace

The Queen’s Guard Room, where 12 of the Queen’s Guards (composed of soldiers from the four elite companies of the King’s Guards) were on duty day and night, controlled entry to the Queen’s Apartments from the Queen’s Staircase (also called the “Marble Staircase”). In 1672, the room was used as a Chapel and, in 1676-1681, received its final decoration.

The Marble Staircase

Since the Queen never spent time here and there was therefore no need to modernize it, the Queen’s Guard Room is the only room in the Apartments in which the 17th-century decoration has been fully preserved, still contains the marble paneling, enhanced with gilded bronze designed by Le Brun and executed by Le Gros and Massou, characteristic of the State Apartments’ original condition, as well as the paintings, by Noël Coypel, which were brought here in 1680 from the old Jupiter Drawing Room (later replaced by the War Room).

At dawn on October 6, 1789, a group of rioters demanding bread tried to enter the Queen’s Apartments. Warned by one of the queen’s guards, one of the ladies in waiting managed to bolt the door to the Antechamber of the Grand Couvert and help the queen hurry, through a private corridor, to the king’s apartments, via her private chambers, and flee from the Paris mob. 

Queen’s Guards Room (photo: www.chateauversailles.fr)

NOTE:

On January 2016, the Queen’s Apartment was closed for major works and, on April 16, was again open to the public.  The revived magnificence of the Rococo style of Marie-Antoinette’s bedchamber or that of the Queen’s Guard Room was restored, thanks to the patronage of American Friends of Versailles and the Société des Amis de Versailles.  Today, the tour route passes through the rooms in the opposite direction to the traditional order during our visit, now starting in the bedchamber and ending in the Queen’s Guard Room, which originally marked the entrance to the Queen’s Apartments during the Ancien Régime.

Queen’s Grand Apartment: First Floor, Chateau De Versailles, Place d’Armes, 78000 Versailles, France. Tel: +33 1 30 83 78 00. Website: www.chateauversailles.fr.  Open daily (except on Mondays and May 1)from 9:00 AM to 6:30 PM.  Last admission is 6 PM while the ticket office closes at 5.45 PM. The estate of Trianon and the Coach Gallery only open in the afternoon while the Park (7 AM to 8:30 PM) and Gardens (8 AM to 8.30 PM, last admission: 7 PM) are open every day. Access to the Gardens is free except on days of fountains shows. You can access the estate of Trianon through the Gardens or through the city. The Petit Trianon is only possible via the Grand Trianon.

Admission: 27 € for Passport with Timed Entry (days with Musical Fountains Shows or Musical Gardens), 20 € for Passport with Timed Entry (without musical fountains show or musical gardens), 12 € for Estate of Trianon ticket(without Musical Fountains Show or Musical Gardens), 10 € for Passport with Timed Entry (free admission, days with Musical Fountains Show or Musical Gardens), 9,50 € for Musical Fountains Show ticket, 8,50 € for Musical Gardens ticket, 28 € for the Fountains Night Show.

How to Get There: The cheapest option for reaching Versailles is by train. There are three train stations in Versailles.  RER line C arrives at Versailles Château – Rive Gauche train station, the closest one of the Palace (just 10 minutes’ walk to the Palace). SNCF trains from Gare Montparnasse arrive at Versailles Chantiers train station, which is 18 minutes on foot to the Palace. SNCF trains from Gare Saint Lazare arrive at Versailles Rive Droite train station, 17 minutes on foot to the Palace. RER C and SNCF train times are available on www.transilien.com

 

Versailles Palace – Gallery of Great Battles (Paris, France)

Gallery of Great Battles

The highlight of our visit of the Museum of the History of France is the 120 m. long and 13 m. wide (390 ft. x 43 ft.) Gallery of Great Battles (Galerie des Batailles).  Occupying almost the entire the first floor of the Aile du Midi of the of the South Wing of the Palace of Versailles, is the largest room in the palace.

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Joining onto the grand and petit appartements de la reine, it is an epigone of the grand gallery of the Louvre and was intended to glorify nearly 15 centuries of French military history and successes, from the Battle of Tolbiac (traditionally dated 496), won by Clovis I, to the Battle of Wagram (July 5–6, 1809) won by Napoleon I..

Battle of Austerlitz (François Gérard). Widely regarded as the greatest victory achieved by Napoleon, here the Grande Armée of France defeated a larger Russian and Austrian army led by Emperor Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II (December 2, 1805). The Battle of Austerlitz brought the War of the Third Coalition to a rapid end, with the Treaty of Pressburg signed by the Austrians later in the month. The battle is often cited as a tactical masterpiece, in the same league as other historic engagements like Cannae or Gaugamela.

Its creation an idea of Louis-Philippe I, it was designed in 1833 and its construction started the same year. The gallery was solemnly inaugurated on June 10, 1837.

Battle of Fleurus (Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse). This engagement (June 26, 1794), between the army of the First French Republic (under General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan) and the Coalition Army (Britain, Hanover, Dutch Republic, and Habsburg Monarchy), commanded by Prince Josias of Coburg, resulted in an Allied defeat that led to the permanent loss of the Austrian Netherlands and to the destruction of the Dutch Republic. The battle marked a turning point for the French army, which remained ascendant for the rest of the War of the First Coalition.

The gallery replaced apartments which had been occupied in the 17th and 18th centuries by Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (Louis XIV‘s brother)  and his second wife, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate; Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (regent during Louis XV‘s minority) and his wife; Louis d’Orléans, Duke of Orléans (the regent’s son); Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony (1731–1767) as dauphine; Charles X of France (whilst Comte d’Artois) and Princess Élisabeth of France.

Battle of Rivoli (Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux). A key victory (January 14-15, 1797) in the French campaign in Italy against Austria, here Napoleon Bonaparte’s 23,000 Frenchmen defeated an attack of 28,000 Austrians under General of the Artillery Jozsef Alvinczi, ending Austria’s fourth and final attempt to relieve the Siege of Mantua. Rivoli further demonstrated Napoleon’s brilliance as a military commander and led to the French consolidation of northern Italy.

Its solemn decorative scheme, designed by Frédéric Nepveu and, almost certainly, with advice from architect Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine, evokes the latter’s projects for the Grande Galerie in the Louvre during the Consulat and the Empire.

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Battle of Fontenoy (Horace Vernet). A major engagement of the War of the Austrian Succession (May 11, 1745), was a battle fought 8 kms. outside Tournai (Belgium) by a French army of 50,000 under Marshal Saxe which defeated a Pragmatic Army of 52,000, led by the Duke of Cumberland.

Its solemn space, with finely decorated with marble and painted and gilded stuccos, features a wide cornice supporting a coffered painted ceiling lit up by glass, with entablatures supported and punctuated by an avant-corps of Corinthian columns along the length of the gallery. On the walls are 13 bronze tablets inscribed with the names of princes, admirals, constables, marshals and warriors killed or wounded whilst fighting for France.

Battle of Rocroi (Francois Joseph Heim, 1834). Fought on May 19, 1643, this major engagement of the Thirty Years’ War was fought between a French army, led by the 21-year-old Duke of Enghien, and Spanish forces, under Gen. Francisco de Melo only five days after the accession of Louis XIV to the throne of France following his father’s death. Rocroi is regarded as the graveyard of the myth of invincibility of the Spanish Tercios, the terrifying infantry units that had dominated European battlefields for 120 years up to that point.

The main contents of the rooms are the 33 vast paintings showing major military events and the greatest battles that had influenced the history of France, some already in existence but mostly specially commissioned for the gallery between 1834 and 1845. All the dynasties (the Merovingians, Carolingians, Capetians, House of Valois, House of Bourbon,etc.) from the history of France are evoked.

Battle of Marsaglia (Eugene Deveria). This battle, in the Nine Years’ War, was fought in Italy on October 4, 1693, between the French army of Marshal Nicolas Catinat and the army of the Grand Alliance under Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy. Here, the greatly superior regimental efficiency of the French, and Catinat’s minute attention to details in arraying them, gave the new marshal a victory that was a worthy pendant to Neerwinden.

Louis-Philippe’s skillfully incorporated depictions of the victories by the Revolution and the Empire had a simple message: France had built itself over the course of battles against enemies from both abroad and within; the country is henceforth glorious, at peace and ready to enter a new era built on peace and prosperity. Today it is still one of the most impressive examples of Louis Philippe’s project for Versailles and one of the finest examples of major museum projects of the 19th century.

Entry of Henry IV Into Paris (Francois Gerard)

The four largest paintings were commissions from previous regimes.  The 9.58 m. by 5.10 m. Battle of Austerlitz, an oil on canvas by François Pascal Simon Gérard (1770–1837), was commissioned by Napoleon I for the ceiling of the Salle du Conseil d’État at the palais des Tuileries in Paris.  Henry IV‘s Entry into Paris, also by Gérard, measures 5.1 m. by 9.58 m.  The 5.1 m. by 9.58 m. Battle of Bouvines (1827) and the 5.1 m. by 9.58 m. Battle of Fontenoy (1828), both by Horace Vernet, were commissioned during the Restoration.

Battle of Taillebourg (Eugène Delacroix). This major medieval battle, fought in July 1242, was the decisive engagement of the Saintonge War. It pitted a French Capetian army, under the command of King Louis IX and his younger brother Alphonse of Poitiers, against forces led by King Henry III of England, his brother Richard of Cornwall and their stepfather Hugh X of Lusignan.

All the other works were created especially for the Gallery by great historical painters of the time including Jean Alaux, Francois Bouchot, Louis Charles Auguste Couder (1790-1873), Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863), Devéria Eugène (1805–1865), Eloi Firmin Feron (1802-1876), Fragonard son, Jean-Pierre Franque (1774–1860), François Joseph Heim (1787–1865), Charles-Philippe Larivière (1798–1876), Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse, François-Édouard Picot (1786–1868), Ary Scheffer (1795–1858), Hendrik Scheffer, Henry Scheffer, Jean-Victor Schnetz, Henri Frederic Schopin and Charles de Steuben. A number of them were of questionable quality, but a few masterpieces, such as the Battle of Taillebourg by Eugène Delacroix, are displayed here.

Battle of Bouvines (Horace Vernet, 1827). Fought on July 27, 1214 near the town of Bouvines in the County of Flanders, it was the concluding battle of the Anglo-French War of 1213–1214. Here, a French army of approximately 7,000 men, commanded by King Philip Augustus, defeated an Allied army of approximately 9,000, commanded by Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV.

The 33 paintings, arranged chronologically, are:

Some of the 80 busts on display

The gallery, also designed as a Pantheon to national glory, also features a series of 80 busts of officers killed in combat, as well as tables in bronze bearing the names of princes, constables, Maréchals and admirals also killed or wounded for France.

Hall of busts

The busts are placed on supports against the columns and between the paintings. The 80 busts on display are those of:

Jandy among the busts of the Gallery of Great Battles

Today, the Royal Serenade and King’s Tour take place in the Gallery of Great Battles. 

Battle of Wagram (Horace Vernet). Fought July 5-6, 1809), this military engagement of the Napoleonic Wars ended in a costly but decisive victory for Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte’s French and allied army against the Austrian army under the command of Archduke Charles of Austria-Teschen. The battle led to the breakup of the Fifth Coalition, the Austrian and British-led alliance against France.

Gallery of Great Battles: South Wing, Chateau De Versailles, Place d’Armes, 78000 Versailles, France. Tel: +33 1 30 83 78 00. Website: www.chateauversailles.fr.  Open daily (except on Mondays and May 1)from 9:00 AM to 6:30 PM.  Last admission is 6 PM while the ticket office closes at 5.45 PM. The estate of Trianon and the Coach Gallery only open in the afternoon while the Park (7 AM to 8:30 PM) and Gardens (8 AM to 8.30 PM, last admission: 7 PM) are open every day. Access to the Gardens is free except on days of fountains shows. You can access the estate of Trianon through the Gardens or through the city. The Petit Trianon is only possible via the Grand Trianon.

Admission: 27 € for Passport with Timed Entry (days with Musical Fountains Shows or Musical Gardens), 20 € for Passport with Timed Entry (without musical fountains show or musical gardens), 12 € for Estate of Trianon ticket(without Musical Fountains Show or Musical Gardens), 10 € for Passport with Timed Entry (free admission, days with Musical Fountains Show or Musical Gardens), 9,50 € for Musical Fountains Show ticket, 8,50 € for Musical Gardens ticket, 28 € for the Fountains Night Show.

How to Get There: The cheapest option for reaching Versailles is by train. There are three train stations in Versailles.  RER line C arrives at Versailles Château – Rive Gauche train station, the closest one of the Palace (just 10 minutes’ walk to the Palace). SNCF trains from Gare Montparnasse arrive at Versailles Chantiers train station, which is 18 minutes on foot to the Palace. SNCF trains from Gare Saint Lazare arrive at Versailles Rive Droite train station, 17 minutes on foot to the Palace. RER C and SNCF train times are available on www.transilien.com

Versailles Palace – 1792 Room (France)

1792 Room

The 1792 Room, a transition room in the Versailles Palace devoted to September 1792 (a pivotal year of the French Revolution) when the Republic was proclaimed, was developed for the History of France Museum from what had formerly been known as the Room of the Merchants of the Court during the reign of Louis XV.

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It presages the messages of the Gallery of Battles and, beyond it, the 1830 Room, in a trilogy that represents King Louis Philippe’s response to the Hall of Mirrors built by his ancestor, Louis XIV, surrounded by the War and Peace Rooms.

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Entrance with the portrait of the young Napoleon above the door

The only remnant of the rooms that Louis-Philippe I devoted to the French Revolution, it offers the keys to understanding the king’s political and historic project.

The 1792 Room marks both the end of a world (the French monarchy fell on August 10, 1792) and the beginning of a new era full of hopes as well as worries as the European monarchies were united against France, which found, within itself, the driving forces that would unite to defend it.

In this room, there are paintings of some of the most emblematic battles of the Revolution that evoke the call to arms to defend “the imperiled nation.”

The Battle of Valmy

The Battle of Jemmapes

They include the September 20, 1792  Battle of Valmy (Mauzaisse after Horace Vernet, 1826) and the November 6, 1792 Battle of Jemappes (Henry Scheffer after Horace Vernet, 1821) in which Louis-Philippe I (then known as the Duke of Chartres), participated along with his younger brother Antoine Philippe (the Duke of Montepensier). There’s also The National Guard of Paris Leaves to Join the Army in September 1792 by Léon Cogniet.

Portrait of King Louis Philippe I

Louis-Philippe I also gathered portraits of the many military commanders and heroes of the Revolutionary Wars and Empire Wars, wearing the uniforms and badges of their ranks, who led France to victory such as François Christophe de KellermannCharles François DumouriezNicolas Luckner, are featured alongside veterans of the American Revolutionary War Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau and Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette.

Portrait of the Marquis De La Fayette (Joseph-Désiré Court, 1834)

Portrait of Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine

Lining the archways around the windows are portraits of young officers who would become future generals and marshals of the Consulate and the Empire while above the entrance, the portrait of a young Napoleon has pride of place.

Entry of the French Army in Mons (November 7, 1792, Hippolyte Bellangé)

Combat of Anderlecht (November 13, 1792, Hippolyte Bellangé)

There is a subtle hierarchy between the portraits, with King Louis-Philippe I presenting himself as a Revolutionary fighter (being a participant in the two abovementioned battles), heir of the Enlightenment and a proponent of new ideas. 

Entry of the French Army in Mons (November 7, 1792, Hippolyte Bellangé)

1792 Room: Chateau De Versailles, Place d’Armes, 78000 Versailles, France. Tel: +33 1 30 83 78 00. Website: www.chateauversailles.fr.  Open daily (except on Mondays and May 1), from 9:00 AM to 6:30 PM.  Last admission is 6 PM while the ticket office closes at 5.45 PM. The estate of Trianon and the Coach Gallery only open in the afternoon while the Park (7 AM to 8:30 PM) and Gardens (8 AM to 8.30 PM, last admission: 7 PM) are open every day. Access to the Gardens is free except on days of fountains shows. You can access the estate of Trianon through the Gardens or through the city. The Petit Trianon is only possible via the Grand Trianon. 

Admission: 27 € for Passport with Timed Entry (days with Musical Fountains Shows or Musical Gardens), 20 € for Passport with Timed Entry (without musical fountains show or musical gardens), 12 € for Estate of Trianon ticket(without Musical Fountains Show or Musical Gardens), 10 € for Passport with Timed Entry (free admission, days with Musical Fountains Show or Musical Gardens), 9,50 € for Musical Fountains Show ticket, 8,50 € for Musical Gardens ticket, 28 € for the Fountains Night Show.

How to Get There: The cheapest option for reaching Versailles is by train. There are three train stations in Versailles.  RER line C arrives at Versailles Château – Rive Gauche train station, the closest one of the Palace (just 10 minutes’ walk to the Palace). SNCF trains from Gare Montparnasse arrive at Versailles Chantiers train station, which is 18 minutes on foot to the Palace. SNCF trains from Gare Saint Lazare arrive at Versailles Rive Droite train station, 17 minutes on foot to the Palace. RER C and SNCF train times are available on www.transilien.com.

Versailles Palace – Coronation Room (France)

Coronation Room

At the exit of the Queen’s Grand Apartment is the Coronation Room, the large space adjoining the royal apartments.  In 1672, it served as the palace’s second chapel but, in 1682, was changed into the Great Guard’s Room, until 1789, “for both the King and the Queen.” Every year, on Holy Thursday, the King would wash, then kiss the feet of 13 impoverished children. On April 13, 1771, Louis XV held a lit de justice in this room, during which he announced the dissolution of the parliaments.

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However, the name of the room has nothing to do with the Bourbon monarchs. In 1833, it became a room devoted to the glory of Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul and then Emperor of the French, and the plan was to display the greatest paintings of his reign which could not be placed anywhere else in the palace – the two incredibly large and prestigious paintings commissioned from Jacques-Louis David.

The first, The Coronation of the Empress Josephine by Napoleon on December 2, 1804 (1805-1808), is a second copy that David painted, for a group of American businessmen, in Paris and then in Brussels in 1808-1822.  Throughout the 19th century, the painting was shown across the United States and Europe.

The Coronation of the Empress Josephine by Napoleon on December 2, 1804 (Jacques-Louis David)

In 1947, the painting was acquired by Versailles and, the following year, was placed in this room, thus recreating this beautiful space as imagined by King Louis-Philippe I.  The original painting was moved from Versailles to the Louvre in Paris in 1889.  Taking up an entire wall, it commemorates the ceremonies celebrating Napoleon’s coronation as Emperor of the French.

The Distribution of the Eagle Standards on December 5, 1804 (Jacques-Louis David, 1808-1810)

The Distribution of the Eagle Standards on December 5, 1804 (1808-1810), commemorates the Army swearing allegiance to Napoleon after the distribution of the imperial eagle standards at the Champ de Mars in Paris..

The combined talents of palace architect, Frédéric Nepveu, sculptor Jean-Baptiste Plantar (trophies on the wood paneling), and the workshop of painter Jean Alaux (the ceiling arch) created the decor that serves as a backdrop to these works.

Battle of Abukir on 25 July 1799 (Antoine-Jean Gros,1806)

Aside from David’s paintings, there is also the enormous Battle of Abukir on 25 July 1799 (1806) by Antoine-Jean Gros.  Commissioned by Joachim Murat (the emperor’s brother-in-law), when he was King of Naples, it commemorates one of the most memorable cavalry charges, during the Egypt campaign, of Napoleon’s youth.

Allegory of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799) by Antoine-Francois Callet

The room’s Napoleonic program included other works as well.  The ceiling, remarkably raised and gilded, all on the order of Louis-Philippe, features the Allegory of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799) by Antoine-Francois Callet.  Also called France Saved, it symbolizes Napoleon Bonaparte’s seizure of power.  Above the door are the four allegories (The Warrior’s Courage, Genius Rising Despite Desire, Constancy, and Clemency Leaning on Force) by François Gérard.

The Warrior’s Courage (François Gérard)

Between the windows are four portraits – General Bonaparte, general-in-command of the Army of in Italy, by Rouillard; Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, by Alexandre Dufay, known as Casanova (a painting from that time, adapted here); a medallion of Josephine and Emperor Napoleon by Robert Lefèvre and the two Empresses Joséphine de Beauharnais and Marie-Louise von Habsburg, by Dedreux-Dorcy.

Empress Josephine de Beauharnais (Dedroux-Dorcy)

In the center of the room stands the Column from the German Campaign.  Also called the “Austerlitz Column,” it was commissioned by Napoleon from the Sèvres Royal Porcelain Manufactory to commemorate his first imperial victories. One of the masterpieces of Sèvres porcelain production during the Empire, it was was created in collaboration with Brongniart (drawing), Bergeret (painting) and Thomire, Duterme and Co. (bronze mounting) and completed in 1807.  The following year, it was placed in the State Apartments at the Tuileries Palace (Palais des Tuileries).

Empress Marie-Louise de Hapsburg (Dedreux-Dorcy)

Coronation Room: Chateau De Versailles, Place d’Armes, 78000 Versailles, France. Tel: +33 1 30 83 78 00. Website: www.chateauversailles.fr.  Open daily (except on Mondays and May 1), from 9:00 AM to 6:30 PM.  Last admission is 6 PM while the ticket office closes at 5.45 PM. The estate of Trianon and the Coach Gallery only open in the afternoon while the Park (7 AM to 8:30 PM) and Gardens (8 AM to 8.30 PM, last admission: 7 PM) are open every day. Access to the Gardens is free except on days of fountains shows. You can access the estate of Trianon through the Gardens or through the city. The Petit Trianon is only possible via the Grand Trianon.

Admission: 27 € for Passport with Timed Entry (days with Musical Fountains Shows or Musical Gardens), 20 € for Passport with Timed Entry (without musical fountains show or musical gardens), 12 € for Estate of Trianon ticket(without Musical Fountains Show or Musical Gardens), 10 € for Passport with Timed Entry (free admission, days with Musical Fountains Show or Musical Gardens), 9,50 € for Musical Fountains Show ticket, 8,50 € for Musical Gardens ticket, 28 € for the Fountains Night Show.

How to Get There: The cheapest option for reaching Versailles is by train. There are three train stations in Versailles.  RER line C arrives at Versailles Château – Rive Gauche train station, the closest one of the Palace (just 10 minutes’ walk to the Palace). SNCF trains from Gare Montparnasse arrive at Versailles Chantiers train station, which is 18 minutes on foot to the Palace. SNCF trains from Gare Saint Lazare arrive at Versailles Rive Droite train station, 17 minutes on foot to the Palace. RER C and SNCF train times are available on www.transilien.com.

Versailles Palace – King’s Grand Apartment (France)

King’s Grand Apartment

The private apartments of the King (petit appartement du roi), the heart of the chateau; is a suite of rooms that were reserved for the private use of the king. It was accessed, from the Hall of Mirrors, from the Oeil de Boeuf antechamber past the Guardroom and the Antechamber of the Grand Couvert.

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These rooms were set aside for the personal use of Louis XIV in 1683 while his successors, Louis XV and Louis XVI, who both drastically modified and remodeled these rooms for their personal use, used these rooms for official functions such as the ceremonial lever (“waking up”) and the coucher (“going to bed”) of the monarch, which were attended by a crowd of courtiers.

Fireplace

The King’s bedchamber, originally just a salon called the State Drawing Room, had been used by Queen Marie-Thérèse d’Autriche. After her death in 1701, Louis XIV, frustrated by the small size of his rooms (which could barely contain all the courtiers in attendance when he got up and when he went to bed), took it over for use as his own bedroom , knocking down the wall and combine the two rooms into one.  Moving his bedchamber into its current location, the large room covered nearly 90 sq. m. and was situated in the center of the eastern façade of the Marble Courtyard.

Three tall doors, at the end of the room leading to the Hall of Mirrors, were sealed. Above these, Nicolas Coustou created the allegorical carved relief entitled  France watching over the Sleeping King, which hangs over the bed.  Decorations include several paintings set into the paneling (including a self-portrait of Antony Van Dyck).

As in all royal residences, the King’s Grand Apartment contained the customary succession of rooms (a Guard Room, two antechambers, a chamber and a cabinet) where access was subject to strict hierarchy and controlled by etiquette.

Beyond them was the King’s Chamber,  the most important and symbolic room in the Royal Apartment.  During the day, it was used during the king’s “getting up” and “going to bed” ceremonies, when he dined in private, and when he received certain courtiers or ambassadors. As a matter of principle, no one could enter his chamber unless invited. On September 1, 1715,  after a reign of 72 years, the king died in this room.

The King’s Bedchamber (photo: www.chateauversailles.fr)

On October 6, 1789, from the balcony of this room, Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette, joined by the Marquis de Lafayette, looked down on the hostile crowd in the courtyard, shortly before the King was forced to return to Paris.

The King’s Guard Room, marking the entrance to the King’s Apartment, was where the king’s guards (changed over every 24 hours) were stationed to ensure the sovereign’s protection. During the day their camp beds were folded up and stowed away behind screens.  In tribute to the room’s role, it’s deliberately understated, little sculpted decoration contains references to fighting. The Battle featuring the king’s guards (1684), a painting by Parrocel that hangs over the fireplace, honors the guards.

King’s Guard Room (photo: www.chateauversailles.fr)

As we continued through the apartment, the decoration became more elaborate. The Antechamber of the Great Dining was where, every evening from 1690 (after the death of Marie-Thérèse d’Autriche and the Dauphine), Louis XIV used to dine in public on a table laid in front of the fireplace and sitting with his back to the hearth. The room is decorated with a series of 11 battle paintings by Joseph Parrocel, and a 12th depicting the Battle of Arbela, by Guillaume Courtois.

Bull’s Eye Antechamber

The Bull’s Eye Antechamber, the second antechamber in the royal apartment, was named after the circular window, on the southern side, which brings light into the room. This room, originally divided into two by a partition wall, was composed of the antechamber and the King’s Chamber, in which the bed was placed in the left-hand corner next to the current fireplace.

At the center is the painting of King Louis XIV and his Family (Jean Nocret, oil on canvas, 1670). Here they are portrayed as Roman gods.

Occupying a strategic position in the Royal Apartment, the Bull’s Eye Antechamber leads to the King’s Chamber to the north.  To the west, the tall glass windows open directly onto the Hall of Mirrors, enabling courtiers to enter and leave the King’s Apartment.  A door in the southern wall, to the right of the window, leads to the Queen’s Apartment while a staircase, in the eastern wall, leads to the Dauphin’s Apartment on the ground floor.

Louis XIV of France being crowned by victory after the 1673 Siege of Maastricht (Pierre Mignard)

The decoration in this room, as in the preceding rooms, testifies to changes in the king’s personal taste. With the start of the new century, Louis XIV abandoned rich marble decoration and painted ceilings, replacing them with white ceilings and gilded woodwork. Along the cornice runs a frieze depicting children’s games.

Bust of Louis XIV (Antoine Coysevox)

The very fine brocade décor, of gold and silver on a crimson background, is complemented by the paintings, all chosen by Louis XIV himself.  Four paintings depict the authors of the gospels.  Other paintings include The Tribute to Caesar, by Valentin de BoulogneHagar in the Wilderness by Giovanni LanfrancoSaint John the Baptist (above the door) by Giovanni Battista CaraccioloMary Madeleine by Domenico Zampieri; and two portraits in the style of Van Dyck. Above the fireplaces are a bust of Louis XIV (by Antoine Coysevox), a clock-barometer and four candelabras which belonged to the Count of Provence (Louis XVI’s brother).

At left is the Equestrian painting of Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans (only brother of Louis XIV) by Pierre Mignard. Oil on canvas, 300 cm. (118.1 in.) by 261 cm. (102.7 in.)

The Council Room, adjacent to the King’s Chamber, opens onto the Hall of Mirrors. It took on its current in 1755, during the reign of Louis XV, when the King’s Cabinet (where Louis XIV held his council meetings) and the Cabinet des Termes (a more private space, where the king spent time with his family or certain guests after dinner) were combined.

Council Room

The chamber is decorated with fine woodwork, based on drawings by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, and crafted by Antoine Rousseau.  The elaborate motifs illustrate subjects, such as war and justice, addressed by the king during council meetings.

The decor also includes a Rococo-style clock (1754), a porphyry bust of Alexander the Great, and two vases of Mars and Minerva in Sevres porcelain and chased bronze by Pierre-Philippe Thomire (1787). The room, also used for official presentations (which were a necessary rite for admission to the Court), was where, on April 22, 1769, Madame Du Barry, among others, was presented to the King.

King’s Grand Apartment: First Floor, Chateau De Versailles, Place d’Armes, 78000 Versailles, France. Tel: +33 1 30 83 78 00. Website: www.chateauversailles.fr.  Open daily (except on Mondays and May 1)from 9:00 AM to 6:30 PM.  Last admission is 6 PM while the ticket office closes at 5.45 PM. The estate of Trianon and the Coach Gallery only open in the afternoon while the Park (7 AM to 8:30 PM) and Gardens (8 AM to 8.30 PM, last admission: 7 PM) are open every day. Access to the Gardens is free except on days of fountains shows. You can access the estate of Trianon through the Gardens or through the city. The Petit Trianon is only possible via the Grand Trianon.

Admission: 27 € for Passport with Timed Entry (days with Musical Fountains Shows or Musical Gardens), 20 € for Passport with Timed Entry (without musical fountains show or musical gardens), 12 € for Estate of Trianon ticket(without Musical Fountains Show or Musical Gardens), 10 € for Passport with Timed Entry (free admission, days with Musical Fountains Show or Musical Gardens), 9,50 € for Musical Fountains Show ticket, 8,50 € for Musical Gardens ticket, 28 € for the Fountains Night Show.

How to Get There: The cheapest option for reaching Versailles is by train. There are three train stations in Versailles.  RER line C arrives at Versailles Château – Rive Gauche train station, the closest one of the Palace (just 10 minutes’ walk to the Palace). SNCF trains from Gare Montparnasse arrive at Versailles Chantiers train station, which is 18 minutes on foot to the Palace. SNCF trains from Gare Saint Lazare arrive at Versailles Rive Droite train station, 17 minutes on foot to the Palace. RER C and SNCF train times are available on www.transilien.com.

Versailles Palace – Hall of Mirrors (France)

The Hall of Mirrors (Galerie des Glaces), the most famous and emblematic room in the royal  Palace of Versailles, is located on the ground floor of the palace’s central body, facing west towards the Palace Gardens. Located besides the Palace Chapel, it is flanked, at the far ends, by the Salon of War (Salon de la Guerre) in the north and the Salon of Peace (Salon de la Paix) in the south, respectively. The Hall of Mirror connects to the two salons, which were assigned to and incorporated into the king’s apartments (grand appartement du roi) in the north and the queen’s apartments (grand appartement de la reine) in the south.

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Hall of Mirrors

It was built, during the palace’s third building stage (between 1678 and 1684), to replace a large rooftop terrace designed by the architect Louis Le Vau, which originally stood between the King’s Apartments to the north and the Queen’s to the south and opened onto the garden. The terrace was awkward (it was considered to be a rather misplaced architectural element) and, above all, especially exposed to bad weather (which reduced its utility) and it was not long before the decision was made to quickly condemn and demolish it.

Some of the 17 large, arcaded windows

Jules Hardouin-Mansart, Le Vau’s successor, produced a more suitable design that replaced the terrace with the grand, Baroque-style Hall of Mirrors. He appropriated three rooms each from the King and the Queen’s apartment as well as the terrace that separated the two apartments.

The hall pays tribute to the political, economic and artistic success of France. The 30 painted compositions on the vaulted ceiling by artist Charles Le Brun (who created the interior decorative apparatus), illustrate the political successes by depicting the glorious history of Louis XIV during the first 18 years of his reign, starting with the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) to the Treaty of Nijmegen (1678–1679).

Some of the 17 sets of mirrors between Rouge de Rance marble pilasters

The allegories from Antiquity illustrate the military and diplomatic victories and reforms, with a view to reorganizing the kingdom. The number and size of the 357 mirrors (which, in the 17th century, were an expensive luxury product that could only be produced with great effort) bedecking the 17 arches opposite the windows, demonstrated that the new French manufacture, by the Manufacture royale de glaces de miroirs (later Compagnie de Saint-Gobain), a glass factory founded by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, could rival the Venetian monopoly on mirror manufacturing in Europe, thus revealing economic prosperity. 

According to legend, the government of the Venetian Republic, in order to keep its monopoly, sent agents to France to poison the workers whom Colbert had brought to France.

The Rouge de Rance marble pilasters, topped with gilded bronze capitals  based on a new design (which was referred to as “the French style”) and created by Le Brun upon the request of Colbert, showed artistic success.

Statue of Urania

The design, incorporating the national emblems, featured a fleur-de-lis  topped by a royal sun between two Gallic roosters (the Latin word for rooster was gallus) or cockerels. Adorning the green marble Pier glasses are gilded bronze trophies manufactured by goldsmith Pierre Ladoyreau. In its heyday, over 3,000 candles were used to light the Hall of Mirrors.

Some of the 24 crystal chandeliers

Work on the Hall of Mirrors started in 1678 and ended in 1684, at which time it was pressed into use for court and state functions. Upon its completion, it served as a kind of covered promenade for Louis XIV’s visit to the chapel.

Statue of Nemesis

At least once a day, he entered the gallery and, from 1701, the king’s bedroom lay behind the middle wall of the gallery. Courtiers and visitors crossed the Hall of Mirrors daily and assembled there to watch the King walk from his apartments to the chapel with members of the royal family.  Sometimes, they took the occasion to present him with requests.

A sculptured gueridon

In the successive reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI, family and court functions, embassies, and births were held in this room. It also served as a place for waiting and meeting.  On rare occasions, the central location and size of Hall of Mirrors was used, for an extra dash of lavishness and for entertainment, for ceremonies such as full-dress and masked balls and royal weddings.  They include:

Rarely has the show of power reached such a level of ostentation than during this time. Foreign audiences, under the scrutiny of the French Court (seated to either side on tiered seating), were granted here and dignitaries and ambassadors had to cross the full length of this gallery before they could reach the king.

Statue of Venus de Troas

During diplomatic receptions, the silver throne (usually located in the Salon of Apollo) was placed on a platform at the end of the hall near the Salon of Peace, whose arch was closed off. The audiences that transpired in this room include the following:

  • The Doge of Genoa (1685)
  • The Siamese Embassy (1685 to 1686) – the most opulent audience of them all. At this time, the Hall of Mirrors and the grand appartements were still decorated with its original silver furniture.
  • Mehemet Reza Bey, ambassador of the Shah of Persia (February 1715)
  • The embassy of King Mahmud I of Turkey (1742)

One of the largest rooms in the palace, the Hall of Mirrors is 73 m. (240 ft.) long, 10.50 m. (34.4 ft.) deep with a height of 12.30 m. (40.4 ft.) reaching to the Attic floor of the Corps de Logis.

Ceiling painting by Le Brun

The principal feature of this Mirror Hall is the 17 mirror-clad arches that reflect the 17 equally large, arcaded windows that overlook the gardens. The mirrors, composed of 357 individual mirror surfaces, aesthetically mirror the image of the garden and the exterior of the castle into the interior of the building. The square windows on the upper floor, which can be seen from the outside, only serve aesthetic purposes as there are no rooms inside. 

According to a contemporary anecdote: the mirror surface furnishings of such large areas as the 17 arches has been the idea of architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart, who wanted to prevent Le Brun from having even more opportunities to impress Louis with his work.

The original solid silver furniture by LeBrun, famous at the time, was soon lost, particularly the large, gilded  silver guéridons (tables) lining the hall which were, in 1689, melted down and coined by order of Louis XIV to finance the War of the League of Augsburg.

Those on display today were made in 1770 for the marriage of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, based on the moldings of earlier silver versions made that had been melted down. The 24 crystal chandeliers were hung only for special occasions.  The Hall of Mirrors’ furniture was manufactured during the 19th century as most of the original furnishings were lost during the French Revolution

Besides the mirrors, the Hall’s grandeur is best perceived through the majesty of its vault whose nine large and numerous smaller ceiling paintings, by Charles Le Brun (the most prestigious scenes were painted on strengthened canvas and glued to the vault by Le Brun himself), are dedicated to the idolization of the Sun King, praising the political policies and military successes of the first 20 years of his reign.

Funeral and honorific statue of Marcellus, represented as Hermes

The claim to absolute power is highlighted by the painting The King Governs Himself (Le roi gouverne par lui-même) which alludes to the establishment of the personal reign of Louis XIV in 1661.

Replica of Statue of Diana of Versailles

It shows Louis XIV, facing the powers of Europe and turning away from his pleasures, to accept a crown of immortality from Glory, with the encouragement of Mars. Further topics include the Peace of Nijmegen and the Conquest of the Franche-Comté.

Bust of Emperor Caligula

On display here are marble and porphyry busts of eight Roman emperors (Julius Caesar, Caligula, Claudius, etc.) plus statues of Greek and Roman deities and Muses, such as Bacchus, Venus of Troas, Modesty, Hermes, Urania, Nemesis and  Diana of Versailles.

Bust of Emperor Claudius

The latter is just a copy.  The original, moved to the Louvre in 1798, was replaced by a Diana sculpted by René Frémin for the gardens of the Château de Marly. Upon the restoration of the Hall of Mirrors during 2004 to 2007 it was, in turn, replaced by a copy of the original Diana.

Bust of Julius Caesar

On a number of occasions, the Hall of Mirrors has been the scene of events of great historic significance. They include:

  • On January 18, 1871, in a deeply humiliating ceremony at the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian War, Prussian king William I, led by Otto von Bismarck, was declared German emperor (thus establishing the German Empire) in the Hall of Mirrors by the assembled German princes and lords. The event greatly contributed to the further accretion of the Franco-German enmity.
  • O June 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles, officially ending the World War I, was signed here by French Prime Minister Clemenceau to dismantle the German Empire.

Since then, the Hall of Mirrors remains reserved for official ceremonies and presidents of the French Republic have continued to receive official guests here. Among them were:

Statue of Bacchus

Hall of Mirrors: Chateau De Versailles, Place d’Armes, 78000 Versailles, France. Tel: +33 1 30 83 78 00. Website: www.chateauversailles.fr Open daily (except on Mondays and May 1)from 9:00 AM to 6:30 PM.  Last admission is 6 PM while the ticket office closes at 5.45 PM. The estate of Trianon and the Coach Gallery only open in the afternoon while the Park (7 AM to 8:30 PM) and Gardens (8 AM to 8.30 PM, last admission: 7 PM) are open every day. Access to the Gardens is free except on days of fountains shows. You can access the estate of Trianon through the Gardens or through the city. The Petit Trianon is only possible via the Grand Trianon.

Admission: 27 € for Passport with Timed Entry (days with Musical Fountains Shows or Musical Gardens), 20 € for Passport with Timed Entry (without musical fountains show or musical gardens), 12 € for Estate of Trianon ticket(without Musical Fountains Show or Musical Gardens), 10 € for Passport with Timed Entry (free admission, days with Musical Fountains Show or Musical Gardens), 9,50 € for Musical Fountains Show ticket, 8,50 € for Musical Gardens ticket, 28 € for the Fountains Night Show.

How to Get There: The cheapest option for reaching Versailles is by train. There are three train stations in Versailles.  RER line C arrives at Versailles Château – Rive Gauche train station, the closest one of the Palace (just 10 minutes’ walk to the Palace). SNCF trains from Gare Montparnasse arrive at Versailles Chantiers train station, which is 18 minutes on foot to the Palace. SNCF trains from Gare Saint Lazare arrive at Versailles Rive Droite train station, 17 minutes on foot to the Palace. RER C and SNCF train times are available on www.transilien.com

Versailles Palace – Grand Gallery (France)

Visitor headed for the Hall of Mirrors from the Salon of War

The Grand Gallery (Grande Galerie) is a set of three highly decorated reception rooms, dedicated to the celebration of the political and military successes of Louis XIV, and used for important ceremonies, celebrations and receptions.The grandiose ensemble of the Hall of Mirrors, and the adjoining Salon of War and Salon of Peace, were intended to illustrate the power of the absolutist monarch Louis XIV.

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Both salons are accessible, via the Hall of Mirrors, through wide opening passageways. The Hall and the two Salons, identically furnished and decorated, form a stylistic and functional unit. The exterior walls of the Salons date from the time of Louis Le Vau‘s encasings of the old château. They were given their current appearance after the installation of the Hall of Mirrors by Jules Hardouin-Mansart.

Hall of Mirrors

The vaunted  Hall of Mirrors (Galerie des Glaces), perhaps the most celebrated room in the château of Versailles, was the setting for many of the ceremonies of the French Court during the Ancien Régime. It has inspired numerous copies and renditions throughout the world and the Proclamation of the German Empire occurred here.

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Salon of War

The Salon of War (Salon de la Guerre), commemorating the victorious military campaign of Louis XIV against the Dutch, Spanish and Germans  (which ended in 1678 with the peace treaties of Nijmegen), was begun by Jules Hardouin-Mansart (the First Architect to the King) in 1678 and its decoration was completed by Le Brun in 1686. Its walls are covered with marble panels decorated with six trophies of weapons in gilded bronze.

Sculpted Medallion of Louis XIV

Its centerpiece, on the wall adjacent to the Apollo Room , is an enormous oval sculpted medallion, created by Antoine Coysevox, surmounted by two golden sculptures of Pheme and supported by two captives in chains huddle beneath it.

Golden Sculptures of Pheme

A bas-relief, in stucco, depicts Louis XIV on horseback, trampling on his enemies while crossing the Rhine in 1672. Beneath, concealing the opening of a false chimney of a fake fireplace, is the bas-relief of Clio, the Muse of History, recording the king’s great deeds and exploits for posterity.

Bas-relief of Clio, the Muse of History

The dome cupola ceiling represents, in the center, a personified depiction of France, armed, sitting on a cloud and surrounded by Victories, a portrait of Louis XIV adorning her shield.

Ceiling painting

In the arches are represented his three defeated enemiesGermany (represented by a kneeling eagle), Spain making threats with a roaring lion; and Holland overthrown on another lion. The fourth arch represents Bellona, the Goddess of War, in a rage of fury between Rebellion and Discord.

Fresco at the arch

The Salon of Peace (Salon de la Paix), symmetrical to the Salon of War, contains the same marble panel decoration and chased trophies of weapons of gilded and chiseled bronzes. However, Le Brun decorated the cupola and arches to illustrate the role of France as the arbiter and peacemaker of Europe under Louis XV. The painting on the ceiling, Louis XV offering an olive branch to Europe by François Lemoyne, illustrates the theme of peace.

Salon of Peace – Louis XV offering an olive branch to Europe (François Lemoyne)

From the beginning of Louis XIV’s reign, this room was separated from the Hall of Mirrors by a movable partition and was considered part of the Queen’s Apartment, constituting the final room after the Queen’s Chamber. However, when required, the partition separating the room from the Hall of Mirrors was removed and the room formed part of the King’s State Apartment.

Each Sunday, during the reign of Louis XV, Marie Leszczyńska, the Queen, used this salon as a music room, organizing concerts of secular and religious music, playing an important role in musical life in Versailles and which were continued, during the subsequent reign, by Marie-Antoinette.

Hall of Mirrors: Chateau De Versailles, Place d’Armes, 78000 Versailles, France. Tel: +33 1 30 83 78 00. Website: www.chateauversailles.fr.  Open daily (except on Mondays and May 1)from 9:00 AM to 6:30 PM.  Last admission is 6 PM while the ticket office closes at 5.45 PM. The estate of Trianon and the Coach Gallery only open in the afternoon while the Park (7 AM to 8:30 PM) and Gardens (8 AM to 8.30 PM, last admission: 7 PM) are open every day. Access to the Gardens is free except on days of fountains shows. You can access the estate of Trianon through the Gardens or through the city. The Petit Trianon is only possible via the Grand Trianon.

Admission: 27 € for Passport with Timed Entry (days with Musical Fountains Shows or Musical Gardens), 20 € for Passport with Timed Entry (without musical fountains show or musical gardens), 12 € for Estate of Trianon ticket(without Musical Fountains Show or Musical Gardens), 10 € for Passport with Timed Entry (free admission, days with Musical Fountains Show or Musical Gardens), 9,50 € for Musical Fountains Show ticket, 8,50 € for Musical Gardens ticket, 28 € for the Fountains Night Show.

How to Get There: The cheapest option for reaching Versailles is by train. There are three train stations in Versailles.  RER line C arrives at Versailles Château – Rive Gauche train station, the closest one of the Palace (just 10 minutes’ walk to the Palace). SNCF trains from Gare Montparnasse arrive at Versailles Chantiers train station, which is 18 minutes on foot to the Palace. SNCF trains from Gare Saint Lazare arrive at Versailles Rive Droite train station, 17 minutes on foot to the Palace. RER C and SNCF train times are available on www.transilien.com.

Versailles Palace – State Apartments of the King (France)

Salon of Mercury

The State Apartments of the King, a prestigious series of seven rooms (Salon of Hercules, Salon of Diana, Salon of Abundance, Salon of Venus, Salon of Mars, Salon of Mercury and Salon of Apollo), was used as a parade apartment for hosting the sovereign’s official acts. Bedecked with lavish Italian-style decoration much admired by the king at the time, it was composed of marble panelling and painted ceilings.

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The author at the Salon of Hercules

During the day, the State Apartment was open to all who wished to see the king and the royal family passing through on their way to the chapel. Several times a week, during the reign of Louis XIV, evening gatherings were held here.

Salon of Abundance

The State Apartments were originally intended as the King’s residence. The construction of the Hall of Mirrors, between 1678 and 1686, coincided with a major alteration to the State Apartment and the King transformed them into galleries for his finest paintings, and venues for his many receptions for courtiers usually held three times a week, from six to ten in the evening, with various entertainments during the season from All-Saints Day in November until Easter.

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The Salon of Hercules

From the Royal Chapel, we entered a vestibule that led us to the Salon of Hercules, the last room to be built by Louis XIV at the end of his reign.  Originally a chapel covering two floors, it served until 1710 when it was replaced by the current Royal Chapel.  Beginning in 1712, it was rebuilt, under the supervision of the First Architect of the King, Robert de Cotte.

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Jandy at the Salon of Hercules

To create a new room, a floor was laid but the decoration was not finished until the reign of Louis XV who, in 1730, brought the huge painting by Paolo Veronese, The Meal in the House of Simon the Pharisee, to Paris from the Gobelins, where it had been stored since its arrival in France as a gift from the Republic of Venice to Louis XIV in 1664.

Rebecca at the Well (Paolo Veronese, second half of the 16th century)

In 1736, work on the Hercules Room was completed when The Apotheosis of Hercules (after whom the room was named), a ceiling painting by François Lemoyne was finished.

Apotheosis of Hercules (François Le Moyne)

This vast, impressive and allegorical work, considered at par with masterpieces by Italian fresco painters, depicted no fewer than 142 persons and was created using the marouflage technique wherein the scenes were painted on canvas and then stuck onto the ceiling.

Meal in the House of Simon the Pharisee (Paolo Veronese, 1570)

In return for his work, Lemoyne was made First Painter to the King by Louis XV but he committed suicide a year later, in 1737, exhausted by this huge project which had taken four years to complete.

Salon of Abundance

The Salon of Abundance, a refreshment room where coffee, wines and liqueurs were served on an elegant tables and gilded chairs lined with green velvet during evening soirées, was also the antechamber to the Cabinet of Curios or Room of Rare Objects (now the Games Room of the King or le salon de jeux du roi) which could be entered through the end door.

Goddesses of Abundance and Liberality (René-Antoine Houasse, 1683)

It displayed Louis XIV’s collection of precious jewels, silverware vases, medallions and other rare objects (of which nothing remains) which he liked to show his privileged guests.  The room was restored in 1955.

The Duke of Burgundy (Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1704)

Portrait of King Louis XV (Hyacinthe Rigaud)

These served as a source of inspiration for the decoration of René-Antoine Houasse‘s painting Goddesses of Abundance and Liberality (1683) located on the ceiling over the door opposite the windows. It includes a depiction of the King’s Vessel over the door.

Portrait of King Philip V(left) and Portrait of Louis of France, Dauphin (right), both done by Hyacinthe Rigaud.

The precious King’s Vessel,  in the form of a mastless ship which was placed on the king’s table during important occasions or on the sideboard,  contained the sovereign’s serviette and was a symbol of power which had to be hailed by everyone who passed by.

Salon of Venus

Along with the Salon of Diana, the Salon of Venus, because it was at the top of the great staircase known as the “Ambassadors’ Staircase,” is one of the main entrances used by courtiers to get to the King and Queen’s Grand Apartments. Prior to it being destroyed in 1752 to make more room, the Ambassador’s Staircase ended here. Like some of the other rooms, this room was named after a planet, following a running theme linked to sun mythology which inspired the decoration in Versailles during the 1670s.

Statue of Louis XiV (Jean Warin)

The Salon of Venus was used during so-called “evening soirees” (social gatherings for specially invited courtiers) when the salon was lit by two very large chandeliers and eight smaller chandeliers of crystal and filled with small tables, chairs lined with green velvet and laced with gold, and either huge bouquets of flowers or pyramids of rare, exotic fruit such as oranges and lemons. Sometimes, light meals such as marzipan and crystallized fruit were served.

Ceiling frescos

Featuring the highest level of the Baroque style of all the state apartments, it is the only place where Charles Le Brun created dialogue between the architecture, sculptures and paintings (sometimes real and sometimes fake) such as the marble pilasters and columns created through perspective paintings by Jacques Rousseau, and the two trompe l’oeil , life-size statues of Louis XIV (in the costume of a Roman emperor) near the windows, by Jean Warin.

Venus Subjugating the Gods and Powers (René-Antoine Houasse)

On the ceiling in a gilded oval frame, is Venus Subjugating the Gods and Powers (1672-1681), another painting by René-Antoine Houasse, featuring the planet Venus along with symbols associated with the Goddess of Love (same name in Greek mythology).

Around the ceiling are trompe l’oeil paintings and sculpture illustrating mythological themes. The paintings decorating the arches and moldings show great men or heroes from the Antiquity, some of them related to Venus while others to Louis XIV himself, whose actions, inspired by the goddess, often alluded, more or less obviously, to the deeds of Louis XIV. For example, the arch depicting Alexander the Great, marrying Roxana, evokes the king’s own wedding while the arch illustrating Emperor Augustus, watching Roman circus games, refers to the carousel held in honor of Queen Maria Theresa in 1662.

Salon of Diana

Like the Salon of Venus, the Salon of Diana served as a vestibule to the King’s State Apartment. Used by Louis XIV as a billiards room, it had galleries, with two tiers of seating installed, from which courtiers could watch the king, who was very skilled, play. On display here is the celebrated bust of Louis XIV by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, made during the famous sculptor’s visit to France in 1665.

Bust of Louis XIV (Gian Lorenzo Bernini, at center)

The decoration of the walls and ceiling depicts scenes from the life of the goddess Diana who, in ancient Greek mythology, was the goddess of the hunt, the sister of Apollo (the sun god), and was also associated with the moon. The ceiling’s central section, painted by Gabriel Blanchard, depicts goddess watching over navigation and hunting scenes.

Fireplace

The arches, also illustrating the themes of navigation and hunting, celebrates Louis XIV’s cynegetic taste; hunting with Cyrus Hunting the Wild Boar by Claude Audran the Younger and Alexander Hunting the Lion, by Charles de La Fosse;  and  navigation by making allusions to the royal navy, which was undergoing considerable expansion by Colbert at the time, with Julius Cesar Sending Roman settlers to Carthage by Claude Audran the Younger and Jason and the Argonautes, by Charles de La Fosse.

Diana and Endymion (Gabriel Blanchard)

The painting The Sacrifice of Iphigenia (1680), by Charles de La Fosse, over the fireplace shows the last-minute intervention by Diana.  Opposite, above the console, is Diana and Endymion, a painting by Gabriel Blanchard.

One of the busts from the collection of Cardinal Mazarin

The ancient busts are from collections belonging to Cardinal Mazarin which were bequeathed to Louis XIV.

Salon of Mars

The Salon of Mars, used by the royal guards until 1782, was decorated on a military theme with helmets and trophies, making its dedication to the god of war highly appropriate. Between 1684 and 1750, it was turned into a concert room, with galleries for musicians on either side. Decorating the room today are portraits of Louis XV and his Queen, Marie Leszczinska, by the Flemish artist Carle Van Loo.

Ceiling painting of Mars on a chariot by Claude Audran the Younger

The Salon of Mars, followed on from the two previous rooms, marked the start of the King’s Apartment. A painting by Claude Audran the Younger, in the center of the ceiling, depicts Mars on a chariot pulled by wolves. Two other compositions, on either side of the work, are Victory supported by Hercules and followed by Abundance and Felicity by Jean Jouvenet, to the east, and Terror, Fury and Horror take possession of the powers of the earth, by René-Antoine Houasse, to the west.

Portrait of King Louis XV (Carle van Loo)

The arches, decorated using gold camaieu, celebrate war victories by sovereigns from Antiquity, which naturally correspond to the military triumphs of the king, evoked in the gilded stucco spandrels by the Gaspard and Balthazard Marsy (Balthazar and Gaspard).

Portrait of Marie Leszcynska (Carle van Loo)

The decoration on the cornice, composed of a variety of helmets and military headgear, highlights the military character of the room.

The Family of Darius before Alexander (Charles Le Brun)

The Family of Darius before Alexander (to the left of the chimney) by Charles Le Brun, and The Pilgrims of Emmaus (to the right), in the style of Paolo Veronese, were hung as a pair, upon the king’s request, to demonstrate the desire to show that French painters could rival the greatest Italian masters.

The Pilgrims of Emmaus (Paolo Veronese)

Up until 1750, the room was used for music and dancing during evening gatherings and there were two platforms, on either side of the fireplace (where the two paintings now hang), which were for the musicians.

The fireplace

Two state portraits of Louis XV and Marie Leszczyńska, both painted by Carle Van Loo, are mounted on the side walls, while over the door are four paintings from Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye by Simon Vouet, illustrating the royal virtues of Temperance, Prudence, Justice and Strength.

Salon of Mercury

The Salon of Mercury, the original Chamber of Bed and House (La chambre du Lit et abritera), the State Bedchamber when Louis XIV officially moved the court and government to the Palace in 1682, has a bed that is a replica of the original commissioned by King Louis-Philippe I in the 19th century when he turned the palace into a museum. During winter, the bed was removed to make room for games tables.

Ceiling painting with Mercury on his chariot in the center

When the Salon of Mercury actually served as a bedchamber (referred to as the “bedroom”), the Duke of Anjou (the grandson of Louis XIV) slept here for three weeks before travelling to Spain where he was proclaimed King of Spain on November 16, 1700. From September 2 to 10, 1715, the coffin containing the body of Louis XIV was also displayed in this room.

Portrait of Louis XV (Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1730)

Its walls, ceilings and fireplace were once decorated with tables, mirrors, andirons and magnificently chased chandeliers (made in solid silver by the Gobelins silversmiths).  However, in 1689, Louis XIV had to melt them down to finance the War of the League of Augsburg.

Portrait of Queen Marie Leszczynska (Tocque)

The silver alcove (separated from the rest of the room by a silver balustrade) and magnificent tapestries of brocades (fabric made using gold and silver thread) which once hung from the walls and bed were later used, in their turn, to support the War of Spanish Succession. Since the original furniture was lost during the French Revolution, the remaining furniture in the room has been recreated after the Versailles inventory list.

Tapestry

The ceiling paintings, by the Flemish artist Jean Baptiste de Champaigne, depicts the god Mercury (the patron god of trade, arts and sciences and, as the gods’ messenger, of ambassadors) in his chariot, drawn by a rooster, and Alexander the Great and Ptolemy surrounded by scholars and philosophers.

Saint John the Evangelist on Patmos, (Innocenzo da Imola)

In the arches in the ceiling, these themes are also depicted in scenes that evoke events from the reign of Louis XIV such as the reception of ambassadors from far-off countries (Augustus receiving Indian ambassadors and Alexander the Great receiving Ethiopian ambassadors), development of the royal library (Ptolemy Philadelphus talking with wise men in the library of Alexandria), and the publication of Histoire Naturelle by Claude Perrault in the collection in the King’s Cabinet in 1671 (Alexander the Great bringing various foreign animals to Aristotle to allow him to write his Natural History).

Bronze and crystal chandelier

On either side are two paintings that Louis XIV was particularly fond of, and which he hung in his bedroom – David Playing the Harp by Domenico Zampieri, and Saint John the Evangelist on Patmos, attributed to Innocenzo da Imola.

Automaton Clock (Antoine Morand)

One can see through the mechanism of the large Automaton Clock, made by Antoine Morand, the royal clockmaker, for the King in 1706.  When it chimes the hour, the miniature figures of Louis XIV and Fame descend from a cloud.

Ceiling painting at Salon of Apollo

The Salon of Apollo, the Ceremonial Room (royal throne room) under Louis XIV, was the setting for formal audiences. The famous and extraordinary 2.6 m. (8-ft.) high throne (a huge wooden armchair covered with silver plaques and sculptures) once stood here on a platform beneath a baldachin but it was melted down in 1689 to help pay the costs of the expensive War of the League of Augsburg  and was replaced by a succession of more modest thrones of gilded wood in styles that varied according to the period.

The painting on the center of the ceiling, by Charles de la Fosse, dedicated to the Sun King, the arts and peace, depicts the Sun Chariot of Apollo (the King’s favorite emblem), pulled by four horses and surrounded by allegorical figures such as the Four Seasons.

Painting of Apollo pulled by four horses

The arches, illustrating the king’s magnificence and magnanimity, is seen  though various examples from Antiquity – Vespasian building the Colosseum; Augustus building the port of Miseno, Porus before Alexander and Coriolan entreated by his wife and mother to spare Rome.

Portrait of King Louis XIV in Ceremonial Dress (Hyacinthe Rigaud)

The copy (made in 1702) of most famous portrait of Louis XIV, by Hyacinthe Rigaud, hangs over the fireplace. The original portrait, made in 1701 (upon a personal request by the king who wanted to give it to his grandson who had recently become king of Spain), hangs in the Musée du Louvre.

Chandelier

State Apartments of  the King: Chateau De Versailles, Place d’Armes, 78000 Versailles, France. Tel: +33 1 30 83 78 00. Website: www.chateauversailles.fr.  Open daily (except on Mondays and May 1), from 9:00 AM to 6:30 PM.  Last admission is 6 PM while the ticket office closes at 5.45 PM. The estate of Trianon and the Coach Gallery only open in the afternoon while the Park (7 AM to 8:30 PM) and Gardens (8 AM to 8.30 PM, last admission: 7 PM) are open every day. Access to the Gardens is free except on days of fountains shows. You can access the estate of Trianon through the Gardens or through the city. The Petit Trianon is only possible via the Grand Trianon.

Admission: 27 € for Passport with Timed Entry (days with Musical Fountains Shows or Musical Gardens), 20 € for Passport with Timed Entry (without musical fountains show or musical gardens), 12 € for Estate of Trianon ticket(without Musical Fountains Show or Musical Gardens), 10 € for Passport with Timed Entry (free admission, days with Musical Fountains Show or Musical Gardens), 9,50 € for Musical Fountains Show ticket, 8,50 € for Musical Gardens ticket, 28 € for the Fountains Night Show.

How to Get There: The cheapest option for reaching Versailles is by train. There are three train stations in Versailles.  RER line C arrives at Versailles Château – Rive Gauche train station, the closest one of the Palace (just 10 minutes’ walk to the Palace). SNCF trains from Gare Montparnasse arrive at Versailles Chantiers train station, which is 18 minutes on foot to the Palace. SNCF trains from Gare Saint Lazare arrive at Versailles Rive Droite train station, 17 minutes on foot to the Palace. RER C and SNCF train times are available on www.transilien.com

Versailles Palace – Palace History Gallery (France)

Palace History Gallery

As a prologue to our visit to the State Apartments of the King, we first entered the Palace History Gallery (Galerie de l’Histoire du Château) located on the ground floor of the North Wing.

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A partnership of the Palace of Versailles with Google, the gallery opened last June 14, 2012. Chronologically presenting the construction history of the Palace, it, in parallel, also evoked images of the Bourbon reign.

The author beside a bronze equestrian statue of Louis XIV.  Behind is the painting “King Louis-Philippe and his five sons leaving the Palace of Versailles” (Horace Vernet, 1846)

Devoted to the château’s history, it presents a thematic and chronological collection representing milestones of the palace’s creation, from the transformation of Louis XIII’s hunting lodge to the grandiose Baroque château all the way to its renovation by Louis-Philippe I, who founded the Museum of the History of France within Versailles in the 19th century. The collection includes films that explain each stage of the château’s history.

In the foreground is the painting “Portrait of Louis XII of France” (Studio of Simon Vouet)

A series of eleven rooms, with a total area of 700 sq. m. (a little over 7,500 sq. ft.), explained to us the richly varied functions of the places we were about to explore.

Portrait of Louis Philippe I in the uniform of a General Officer (Franz Xaver Winterhalter, oil on canvas, 1839)

Our visit combined the presentation of the collections of Versailles, currently comprising approximately 7,000 paintings (5,000 portraits, about 2,000 historical scenes) and 1,500 sculptures (mainly portraits), with physical scale models and striking 3D reconstructions.

Scaled Model of Chateau de Versailles

The new Château de Versailles History Gallery was designed by the Paris-based Projectiles architectural studio, winner in a contest organized between February and April 2010, creating an interior with emphasis on geometric shapes in modern materials that is in complete contrast with the rest of the palace.

View of Versailles from Place de Armas (Pierre Denis Martin, oil on canvas, 1722)

CREA Diffusion, an internationally renowned fabrication firm based in Sologne (France), was hired to handle the fabrication and installation of the 16,000 sq. ft. of solid DuPont Corian surfacing used for the monolithic chandeliers and interior elements.  Even the wall paneling are covered with engraved DuPont Corian techno surfaces.

Fountain of Apollo Gardens of Versailles (Hubert Robert, 1774)

Palace History Gallery: Ground Floor, North Wing, Chateau De Versailles, Place d’Armes, 78000 Versailles, France. Tel: +33 1 30 83 78 00. Website: www.chateauversailles.fr.  Open daily (except on Mondays and May 1)from 9:00 AM to 6:30 PM.  Last admission is 6 PM while the ticket office closes at 5.45 PM. The estate of Trianon and the Coach Gallery only open in the afternoon while the Park (7 AM to 8:30 PM) and Gardens (8 AM to 8.30 PM, last admission: 7 PM) are open every day. Access to the Gardens is free except on days of fountains shows. You can access the estate of Trianon through the Gardens or through the city. The Petit Trianon is only possible via the Grand Trianon.

Admission: 27 € for Passport with Timed Entry (days with Musical Fountains Shows or Musical Gardens), 20 € for Passport with Timed Entry (without musical fountains show or musical gardens), 12 € for Estate of Trianon ticket(without Musical Fountains Show or Musical Gardens), 10 € for Passport with Timed Entry (free admission, days with Musical Fountains Show or Musical Gardens), 9,50 € for Musical Fountains Show ticket, 8,50 € for Musical Gardens ticket, 28 € for the Fountains Night Show.

How to Get There: The cheapest option for reaching Versailles is by train. There are three train stations in Versailles.  RER line C arrives at Versailles Château – Rive Gauche train station, the closest one of the Palace (just 10 minutes’ walk to the Palace). SNCF trains from Gare Montparnasse arrive at Versailles Chantiers train station, which is 18 minutes on foot to the Palace. SNCF trains from Gare Saint Lazare arrive at Versailles Rive Droite train station, 17 minutes on foot to the Palace. RER C and SNCF train times are available on www.transilien.com.